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The C++ Standard Library is based upon conventions introduced by the Standard Template Library (STL), and has been influenced by research in generic programming and developers of the STL such as Alexander Stepanov and Meng Lee. [4] [5] Although the C++ Standard Library and the STL share many features, neither is a strict superset of the other.
The C++ standard library is a collection of utilities that are shipped with C++ for use by any C++ programmer. It includes input and output, multi-threading, time, regular expressions, algorithms for common tasks, and less common ones (find, for_each, swap, etc.) and lists, maps and hash maps (and the equivalent for sets) and a class called vector that is a resizable array.
In C++, objects are created on the stack when the constructor is invoked without the new operator, and created on the heap when the constructor is invoked with the new operator. Stack objects are deleted implicitly when they go out of scope, while heap objects must be deleted implicitly by a destructor or explicitly by using the delete operator.
General, business, web Yes Yes Yes [20] No No No Unknown Clean: General No No Yes No Yes No No Clojure: General No No Yes No No No Concurrent No CLU: General Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No COBOL: Application, business Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes 1968 ANSI X3.23, 1974, 1985; ISO/IEC 1989:1985, 2002, 2014, 2023 Cobra: Application, business, general, web ...
C++20 adds versions of the algorithms defined in the < algorithm > header which operate on ranges rather than pairs of iterators. The ranges versions of algorithm functions are scoped within the ranges namespace. They extend the functionality of the basic algorithms by allowing iterator-sentinel pairs to be used instead of requiring that both ...
The "generic programming" paradigm is an approach to software decomposition whereby fundamental requirements on types are abstracted from across concrete examples of algorithms and data structures and formalized as concepts, analogously to the abstraction of algebraic theories in abstract algebra. [6]
C++ (1985) was originally called "C with Classes." [24] It was designed to expand C's capabilities by adding the object-oriented facilities of the language Simula. [25] An object-oriented module is composed of two files. The definitions file is called the header file. Here is a C++ header file for the GRADE class in a simple school application:
A class in C++ is a user-defined type or data structure declared with any of the keywords class, struct or union (the first two are collectively referred to as non-union classes) that has data and functions (also called member variables and member functions) as its members whose access is governed by the three access specifiers private, protected or public.