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It is clear from the Jordan normal form that the minimal polynomial of A has degree Σ s i. While the Jordan normal form determines the minimal polynomial, the converse is not true. This leads to the notion of elementary divisors. The elementary divisors of a square matrix A are the characteristic polynomials of its Jordan blocks.
The last invariant factor is the minimal polynomial, and the product of invariant factors is the characteristic polynomial. Combined with a standard matrix form for [] / (), this yields various canonical forms: invariant factors + companion matrix yields Frobenius normal form (aka, rational canonical form)
Rather, the Jordan canonical form of () contains one Jordan block for each distinct root; if the multiplicity of the root is m, then the block is an m × m matrix with on the diagonal and 1 in the entries just above the diagonal. in this case, V becomes a confluent Vandermonde matrix. [2]
The minimal polynomial is often the same as the characteristic polynomial, but not always. For example, if A is a multiple aI n of the identity matrix, then its minimal polynomial is X − a since the kernel of aI n − A = 0 is already the entire space; on the other hand its characteristic polynomial is (X − a) n (the only eigenvalue is a ...
The classical result for square matrices is the Jordan canonical form, which states the following: Theorem. Let A be an n × n complex matrix, i.e. A a linear operator acting on C n. If λ 1...λ k are the distinct eigenvalues of A, then C n can be decomposed into the invariant subspaces of A
The rational canonical form is determined by the elementary divisors of A; these can be immediately read off from a matrix in Jordan form, but they can also be determined directly for any matrix by computing the Smith normal form, over the ring of polynomials, of the matrix (with polynomial entries) XI n − A (the same one whose determinant ...
Let () (that is, a n × n complex matrix) and () be the change of basis matrix to the Jordan normal form of A; that is, A = C −1 JC.Now let f (z) be a holomorphic function on an open set such that ; that is, the spectrum of the matrix is contained inside the domain of holomorphy of f.
A canonical form may simply be a convention, or a deep theorem. For example, polynomials are conventionally written with the terms in descending powers: it is more usual to write x 2 + x + 30 than x + 30 + x 2, although the two forms define the same polynomial. By contrast, the existence of Jordan canonical form for a matrix is a deep theorem.