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It differs from methamphetamine only by the presence of a hydroxyl group (–OH). Chemically, ephedrine is an alkaloid with a phenethylamine skeleton found in various plants in the genus Ephedra (family Ephedraceae). It is most usually marketed as the hydrochloride or sulfate salt. [45]
β-Hydroxyamphetamines have increased hydrophilicity and lower lipophilicity relative to their amphetamine counterparts owing to their β-hydroxyl group. [13] [14] For comparison, the predicted log P (XLogP3) of amphetamine is 1.8, [15] of β-hydroxyamphetamine is 0.8, [16] and of cathinone is 1.1. [17]
The maximum conversion rate for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine is 92%, although typically, illicit methamphetamine laboratories convert at a rate of 50% to 75%. [104] Most methods of illicit production involve protonation of the hydroxyl group on the ephedrine or pseudoephedrine molecule.
Amphetamine and its substituted derivatives contain a CH 3 group at the alpha-position (R α). This shows amphetamine with its substitution points marked, excluding the N-position at the NH 2 group which is unmarked. The wavy line between α carbon and CH 3 group indicates isomerism; the CH 3 group may either be towards or away from the viewer.
The methyl group on the alpha carbon (the first carbon before the nitrogen group) also makes this compound a member of the substituted amphetamine class. [51] Ephedrine is the N-methyl analogue of phenylpropanolamine. Exogenous compounds in this family are degraded too rapidly by monoamine oxidase to be active at all but the highest doses. [51]
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Other ephedrine-related compounds produce a blue to greenish-blue precipitate. This precipitate could be seen as characteristic for the members of the ephedrine group other than pseudoephedrine and ephedrine itself, hence, the Chen-Kao test appears to show a significant specificity within the ephedrine group.
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