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Holtain skinfold calipers are marked with 0.2 mm gradation, and Lange calipers with 0.5 mm gradation. [3] [4] The measurement is taken with the person standing upright, with arms hanging down loosely. The skin fold is pulled away from the muscle and measured with the calipers, taking a reading 4 seconds after the calipers have been released.
The Lund and Browder chart is a tool useful in the management of burns for estimating the total body surface area affected. It was created by Dr. Charles Lund, Senior Surgeon at Boston City Hospital , and Dr. Newton Browder, based on their experiences in treating over 300 burn victims injured at the Cocoanut Grove fire in Boston in 1942.
The Monk scale includes 10 skin tones. Though other scales (such as those used by cosmetics companies) may include many more shades, [6] Monk claims that 10 tones balances diversity with ease of use, and can be used more consistently across different users than a scale with more tones:
Skin colors according to von Luschan's chromatic scale. Von Luschan's chromatic scale (VLS) is a method of classifying skin color. It is also called the von Luschan scale or von Luschan's scale. It is named after its inventor, Felix von Luschan. The equipment consisted of 36 opaque glass tiles which were compared to the subject's skin, ideally ...
The Fitzpatrick scale has been criticized for its Eurocentric bias and insufficient representation of global skin color diversity. [9] The scale originally was developed for classifying "white skin" in response to solar radiation, [2] and initially included only four categories focused on white skin, with "brown" and "black" skin types (V and VI) added as an afterthought.
neurological function7–9 and lower IQ scores10 compared with other children. Also, children exposed to high levels of nitrogen dioxide—a common air pollutant generated by the burning of fossil fuels—have been found to have “de-creases of 6.71, 7.37 and 8.61 points in quanti-tative, working memory and gross motor areas, respectively.”11
The original scoring system was developed before the invention of pulse oximetry and used the patient's colouration as a surrogate marker of their oxygenation status. A modified Aldrete scoring system was described in 1995 [2] which replaces the assessment of skin colouration with the use of pulse oximetry to measure SpO 2.
Most people enter military service “with the fundamental sense that they are good people and that they are doing this for good purposes, on the side of freedom and country and God,” said Dr. Wayne Jonas, a military physician for 24 years and president and CEO of the Samueli Institute, a non-profit health research organization.