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Hal Alan Huggins (1937 – November 29, 2014) was an American alternative dentistry advocate and campaigner against the use of dental amalgam fillings and other dental therapies that he believed to be unsafe. [1] [2] Huggins began to promote his ideas in the 1970s and played a major role in generating controversy over the use of amalgam. [3]
Expansion over time of the silver amalgam creates stress in the body of the dental unit. This process contributes to chipping and even deep longitudinal cracking, up to and including breaking the tooth in half. Modern white fillings have a compression process going on. It also contributes to the stress from which horizontal cracks appear.
Those opposed to dental amalgam suggest that mercury from dental amalgam may lead to nephrotoxicity, neurobehavioural changes, autoimmunity, oxidative stress, autism, skin and mucosa alterations, non-specific symptoms and complaints, Alzheimer's disease, calcium-building in the kidneys, kidney stones, thyroid issues, and multiple sclerosis. [52]
To fabricate an amalgam filling, the dentist uses a mixing device to blend roughly equal parts (by mass) of shavings of a silver-base alloy with mercury until the shavings are thoroughly wetted. The silver alloy is typically 40–70% Ag, 25-29% Sn, 2–40% Cu and 0–2% Zn (when the alloy is formulated Zn is a scavenger and is mostly consumed ...
[20] [21] Due to prolonged practice in the field of dentistry and working with amalgam there is a significant exposure to mercury among professionals. [22] The use of dental fillings containing mercury is to be phased down in accordance with the Minamata Convention, however its use remains widespread. [21]
Composites and amalgam are used mainly for direct restoration. Composites can be made of color matching the tooth, and the surface can be polished after the filling procedure has been completed. Amalgam fillings expand with age, possibly cracking the tooth and requiring repair and filling replacement, but chance of leakage of filling is less.
The dentist may check is the tooth has a vital nerve supply, these tests may include sensibility testing, such as electrical pulp testing or thermal testing. [ 4 ] Transillumination of tooth 21 showing vertical fracture (blue arrows) and inflammation in marginal gingiva at fracture site (green arrow)
Dental amalgam – exposure to carbamide peroxide solutions increase mercury release for one to two days. [61] [62] The release of amalgam components is said to be due to active oxidation. This increase in amalgam mercury release is proportional to the concentration of carbamide peroxide. [63]