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The Pioneer Venus Orbiter, also known as Pioneer Venus 1 or Pioneer 12, was a mission to Venus conducted by NASA as part of the Pioneer Venus project. Launched in May 1978 atop an Atlas-Centaur rocket, the spacecraft was inserted into an elliptical orbit around Venus on December 4, 1978. It returned data from Venus until October 1992. [2] [4]
Pioneer Venus Orbiter Cloud structure in the Venusian atmosphere in 1979, revealed by ultraviolet observations by Pioneer Venus Orbiter. The orbiter was launched on May 20, 1978 on an Atlas-Centaur rocket. The orbiter's mass was 517 kg (1,140 lb). [3] The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was inserted into an elliptical orbit around Venus on December 4, 1978.
Pioneer Venus 1 (PV Orbiter) 20 May 1978: NASA United States: Orbiter Successful Entered orbit on 4 December 1978, decayed on 22 October 1992 Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR: Pioneer Venus 2 (PV Multiprobe) 8 August 1978: NASA United States: Atmospheric Successful
The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe landed four spacecraft on the planet, one of which transmitted data for 67 minutes before being destroyed by atmospheric pressure. ISEE-C , which was launched on 8 December, flew past comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner in 1985, and Halley's Comet in 1986.
The Pioneer programs were two series of United States lunar and planetary space probes.The first program, which ran from 1958 to 1960, unsuccessfully attempted to send spacecraft to orbit the Moon, successfully sent one spacecraft to fly by the Moon, and successfully sent one spacecraft to investigate interplanetary space between the orbits of Earth and Venus.
Pioneer 12 was the twelfth mission of the Pioneer program.It was a designation given to two different missions: Pioneer H, a planned mission to the Sun that was canceled and resulted in the spacecraft being put in the Air and Space Museum as a replica of the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 probes.
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