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Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Islamic religion, which is based on the Quran, ḥadīth literature, and sunnah (accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad), [1] [2] and elements of political movements and tendencies followed by Muslims or Islamic states throughout the history of Islam. [3]
Martin Kramer was one of the first experts to start using the term political Islam in 1980. In 2003, he stated that political Islam can also be seen as tautology because nowhere in the Muslim world is a religion separated from politics. [5] [6] Some experts use terms like Islamism, pointing out the same set of occurrences or they confuse both ...
Esposito and DeLong-Bas distinguish four attitudes toward Islam and democracy prominent among Muslims today: [35] Advocacy of democratic ideas, often accompanied by a belief that they are compatible with Islam, which can play a public role within a democratic system, as exemplified by many protestors who took part in the Arab Spring uprisings;
Shiʿi Islam [4] [5] Many of the same subjects are studied at Shiʿi seminaries (known as hawza), but there are some differences: Falsafa (Islamic philosophy) Fiqh (jurisprudence) 'Ilm al-Hadith (traditions) Ilm al-Kalam (theology) 'Ilm ar-Rijal (evaluation of biographies) ʿIrfān (Islamic mysticism) Manṭiq (Logic) Lugha (language studies)
The Research Organization for Social Sciences and Humanities (Indonesian: Organisasi Riset Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial dan Humaniora, OR-IPSH), but goes by name Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities-BRIN or ISSH-BRIN, [1] is one of Research Organizations under the umbrella of the National Research and Innovation Agency (Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional, BRIN).
Experts disagree on the importance of ideology in IS. According to Cole Bunzel, not all members of IS are aware of the ideology of the group they support. [1] On the other hand, Princeton scholar Bernard Haykel, who specializes in the study of IS, argues that many Western observers fail to understand the passionate attachment of IS—including its rank and file—to religious doctrine: "Even ...
‘Ilm (Arabic: علم "knowledge") is the Arabic term for knowledge.In the Islamic context, 'ilm typically refers to religious knowledge. In the Quran, the term "ilm" signifies God's own knowledge, which encompasses both the manifest and hidden aspects of existence.
The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Indonesian: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, or LIPI) was the governmental authority for science and research in Indonesia. It consisted of 47 research centers in the fields ranging from social to natural sciences. [2]