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In the 1930s, overcrowding in schools in Harlem was identified as a major impediment to education and a subject for reform efforts. Lucile Spence, Gertrude Elise McDougald Ayer, and Layle Lane were educators involved in the reform efforts. [2] "
The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual and cultural revival of African-American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater, politics and scholarship centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, spanning the 1920s and 1930s. [1]
A high school education was the normal requirement. In 1860, about 90% were under age 30, and half were under 25. [18] By 1930, nearly all had started college and 22% had a college degree. [19] Immigration from Eastern Europe soared after 1880, as did enrollments of Jews, Italians and others.
The 1930 census showed 70.18% of Central Harlem's residents as black [48] and lived as far south as Central Park, at 110th Street. [49] The expansion was fueled primarily by an influx of black people from the southern U.S. states, especially Virginia , North and South Carolina , and Georgia , who took trains up the East Coast.
Harlem became the political capital of black America, with highly controversial leadership from Marcus Garvey in the early 1920s. [71] Sustained civil rights activism took place in the 1930s and 1940s, often led by Baptists minister Adam Clayton Powell Jr., who was elected to the United States Congress in 1942. [72]
Over the course of the spring and summer of 1919, the Socialist Party of America divided into competing Socialist and Communist wings. [3] In the aftermath of this bitter split, the electorally-oriented Socialists retained control of a number of key public institutions of the party, including the Rand School of Social Science, a trade union and party training facility located in New York City.
Although "Spanish Harlem" had been in use since at least the 1930s to describe the Latino enclave – along with "Italian Harlem" and "Negro Harlem" [25] – the name began to be used to describe the entire East Harlem neighborhood by the 1950s. Later, the name "El Barrio" ("The Neighborhood") began to be used, especially by residents of the area.
A map of Upper Manhattan, with Greater Harlem highlighted.Harlem proper is the neighborhood in the center. Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan.The three neighborhoods comprising the greater Harlem area—West, Central, and East Harlem—stretch from the Harlem River and East River to the east, to the Hudson River to the west; and between 155th Street in the north, where it meets Washington ...