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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
The Crusader period in the history of Jerusalem decisively influenced the history of the whole Middle East, radiating beyond the region into the Islamic World and Christian Europe. The Crusades elevated the position of Jerusalem in the hierarchy of places holy to Islam, but it did not become a spiritual or political center of Islam.
The Oxford History of the Crusades. Oxford, 2002. Steven Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099–1291. Clarendon Press, 1989. Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Penguin. Tyerman, Christopher (2019). The World of the Crusades. Yale University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-300-21739-1.
Celestine III calls for a crusades in Spain and in Northern Europe. [63] 1194. 4 February. Richard the Lionheart is ransomed and released from captivity. [58] 11 March. Forgiving his brother John of England for his revolt with Philip II of France during his captivity, Richard the Lionheart was crowned a second time and declares war on France ...
The numbering of this crusade followed the same history as the first ones, with English histories such as David Hume's The History of England (1754–1761) [43] and Charles Mills' History of the Crusades for the Recovery and Possession of the Holy Land (1820) [44] identifying it as the Third Crusade. The former only considers the follow-on ...
The Crusades: A Chronology, covering 1096–1444, in The Crusades—An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray. [7] Important Dates and Events, 1049–1571, in History of the Crusades, Volume III, edited by Kenneth M. Setton (1975). [8] Historical Dictionary of the Crusades, by Corliss K. Slack. Chronology from 1009–1330. [9]
An 1840 edition of The Historie of the Holy Warre, by Thomas Fuller, that includes a complete chronology of the Crusades through 1299. [16] The History of the Crusades, a translation of Histoire des Croisades by Joseph François Michaud (translated by William Robson), Covering the period 300–1095, the Crusades from 1096–1270, attempted ...
While the church feared the warrior class, it still needed to co-opt its power and demonstrated this symbolically through the development of liturgical blessings to sanctify new knights. [39] In time, kings represented themselves as members of the knighthood for propaganda purposes and crusading came to be seen as integral to the ideas of this ...