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Marine conservation, also known as ocean conservation, is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas through planned management in order to prevent the over-exploitation of these marine resources.
Prior to 2015, it was named Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam - PHKA). Its current name was taken into effect due to the merger of Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Forestry in 2014.
Protected areas of Indonesia comprise both terrestrial and marine environments in any of the six IUCN Protected Area categories.There are over 500 protected areas in Indonesia, of which 54 National Parks cover 16.4 million ha, and another 527 nature and game reserves cover a further 28.3 million ha. [1]
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorisation guidelines for protected areas.
Coral reefs form complex marine ecosystems with tremendous biodiversity.. Marine ecosystems are the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and exist in waters that have a high salt content.
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (Indonesian: Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru; abbreviated as TNBTS) is a national park located in East Java, Indonesia, to the east of Malang and Lumajang, to the south of Pasuruan and Probolinggo, and to the southeast of Surabaya, the capital of East Java.
Bunaken National Park is a marine park in the north of Sulawesi Island, Indonesia.The park is located near the centre of the Coral Triangle, providing habitat to 390 species of coral [2] as well as many fish, mollusks, reptiles and marine mammal species.
Betung Kerihun National Park is hilly and mountainous, with altitudes ranging from 150 m (490 ft) to almost 1,800 m (5,910 ft). The topography is characterized by steep slopes, with more than half of the park area having slopes over 45%. [3]