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In chemistry, the oxidation state, or oxidation number, is the hypothetical charge of an atom if all of its bonds to other atoms are fully ionic.It describes the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound.
Magnesium oxide (Mg O), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide).It has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg 2+ ions and O 2− ions held together by ionic bonding.
Oxy-fuel torches are or have been used for: Heating metal: in automotive and other industries for the purposes of loosening seized fasteners. Neutral flame is used for joining and cutting of all ferrous and non-ferrous metals except brass.
In quantum mechanics, the Pauli exclusion principle (German: Pauli-Ausschlussprinzip) states that two or more identical particles with half-integer spins (i.e. fermions) cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state within a system that obeys the laws of quantum mechanics.