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He used the spectroscope to study pigments in microorganisms and muscular tissue. He was the first to describe cytochromes , which he termed myohaematins (respiratory pigments of muscle). [ 5 ] Serious criticism of his work, led by German scientist Felix Hoppe-Seyler , led to it being discredited at the time. [ 3 ]
Loligo pealei, a squid is the subject of studies of nerve function because of its giant axon (nearly 1 mm diameter, roughly a thousand times larger than typical mammalian axons) Lymnaea stagnalis (great pond snail), a widely used model mollusc, for the study of biomineralization, neurobiology, eco-toxicology, sexual selection and body asymmetry ...
The worked-example effect is a learning effect predicted by cognitive load theory. [1] [full citation needed] Specifically, it refers to improved learning observed when worked examples are used as part of instruction, compared to other instructional techniques such as problem-solving [2] [page needed] and discovery learning.
In any case, users of a model need to understand the assumptions made that are pertinent to its validity for a given use. Building a model requires abstraction. Assumptions are used in modelling in order to specify the domain of application of the model. For example, the special theory of relativity assumes an inertial frame of reference.
Seminal papers in the field include Sheldon & Verhulst's [3] which proposed concepts from Life history theory, trade-offs and allocation of resources between competing costly physiological functions, are a cause of variation in immunity [5] One of the field's seminal papers, by Folstad and Karter, [7] was a response to Hamilton and Zuk's famous paper on the handicap hypothesis for sexually ...
An animal model (short for animal disease model) is a living, non-human, often genetic-engineered animal used during the research and investigation of human disease, for the purpose of better understanding the disease process without the risk of harming a human. Although biological activity in an animal model does not ensure an effect in humans ...
Models are those organisms with a wealth of biological data that make them attractive to study as examples for other species and/or natural phenomena that are more difficult to study directly. Continual research on these organisms focuses on a wide variety of experimental techniques and goals from many different levels of biology—from ecology ...
Rubin defines a causal effect: Intuitively, the causal effect of one treatment, E, over another, C, for a particular unit and an interval of time from to is the difference between what would have happened at time if the unit had been exposed to E initiated at and what would have happened at if the unit had been exposed to C initiated at : 'If an hour ago I had taken two aspirins instead of ...