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Hence, GWAS is a non-candidate-driven approach, in contrast to gene-specific candidate-driven studies. GWA studies identify SNPs and other variants in DNA associated with a disease, but they cannot on their own specify which genes are causal. [1] [2] [3] The first successful GWAS published in 2002 studied myocardial infarction. [4]
In the field of genetic sequencing, genotyping by sequencing, also called GBS, is a method to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in order to perform genotyping studies, such as genome-wide association studies . [1] GBS uses restriction enzymes to reduce genome complexity and genotype multiple DNA samples. [2]
An important factor to consider when planning a genetic study is the frequency and risk incurred by specific alleles. These factors can vary in different populations so the HapMap project used a variety of sequencing techniques to discover and catalog SNPs from different sets of populations.
In 1948, Haq migrated to Pakistan. [5] In the wake of migration and the accompanying riots in 1947, much of his property, especially valuable manuscripts, papers and books were lost. [citation needed] However, some of the material which he brought to Pakistan is kept in the Urdu Dictionary Board library. [1]
As the second largest South Asian country, and one of the major actors in the politics of the Muslim world, {close to India} ] Pakistan is a focus of multidisciplinary studies. [3] Various universities in the United States and the United Kingdom have research groups busy in academic and research related activities on Pakistan Studies.
Hindi has drawn increasing focus as an academic subject. [8] There is a growing trend of Hindi experts and the availability of texts in Pakistan. [8] Many Hindi instructors migrated from India, or were educated at Indian universities. [5] The Department of Hindi at the National University of Modern Languages (NUML) in Islamabad was
Due to its importance, the Fellowships of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences are tightly restricted to the scientists who met the criteria of their qualifications. [16] Only scientists of the highest merit, who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of scientific knowledge, are elected as Fellows of the academy.
In terms of technology, Pakistan has made significant strides in nuclear physics and explosives engineering, primarily driven by security concerns. The country is also involved in space exploration, with a focus on military applications. Pakistan is an associate member of CERN, a prestigious international research organization. [2]