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Projected global surface temperature changes relative to 1850–1900, based on CMIP6 multi-model mean changes. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report defines global mean surface temperature (GMST) as the "estimated global average of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea surface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes normally expressed as departures from a ...
English: Chart showing global average sea surface temperature over time, beginning in 1880, with annual average and 5-year smoothed average NASA GISS data source: Link to NASA GISS data access page (click on "Annual Mean Temperature Change over Land and over Ocean") and direct link to chart data; Thicker line is 5-year average
The global average covers 97-98% of Earth's surface, excluding only latitudes above +85 degrees, below -85 degrees and, in the cases of TLT and TMT, some areas with land above 1500 m altitude. The hemispheric averages are over the northern and southern hemispheres 0 to +/-85 degrees. The gridded data provide an almost global temperature map. [3]
English: Warming stripes graphic comparing different datasets of Global Mean Surface Temperature (GMST). General concept of warming stripes was developed by Ed Hawkins (climatologist) Five data sources for five datasets are listed at File:20200324 Global average temperature - NASA-GISS HadCrut NOAA Japan BerkeleyE.svg
A reconstruction of Arctic temperatures over four centuries by Overpeck et al. 1997 reached similar conclusions, but both these studies came up against the limitations of the climate reconstructions at that time which only resolved temperature fluctuations on a decadal basis rather than showing individual years, and produced a single time ...
This color-coded map in Robinson projection displays a progression of changing global surface temperature anomalies. Normal temperatures are the average over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower than normal temperatures are shown in blue.
recalibrated by Cook, Esper & D'Arrigo 2004 "Extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere land temperature variability over the past 1000 years". Mann & Jones 2003 "Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia." Pollack & Smerdon 2004 "Borehole climate reconstructions: Spatial structure and hemispheric averages".
The last decade has brought the temperatures to the highest levels ever recorded. The graph shows global annual surface temperatures relative to 1951-1980 mean temperatures. As shown by the red line, long-term trends are more apparent when temperatures are averaged over a five year period.