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Early monociliated ependymal cells are differentiated to multiciliated ependymal cells for their function in circulating cerebrospinal fluid. [3] The basal membranes of these cells are characterized by tentacle-like extensions that attach to astrocytes. The apical side is covered in cilia and microvilli. [4]
Motile cilia are found in large numbers on respiratory epithelial cells – around 200 cilia per cell, where they function in mucociliary clearance, and also have mechanosensory and chemosensory functions. [12] [13] [14] Motile cilia on ependymal cells move the cerebrospinal fluid through the ventricular system of the brain.
This schematic illustrates the four different types of glial cells, all of which possess cytoplasmic processes: ependymal cells (light pink), astrocytes (green), microglia (red), and oligodendrocytes (light blue). Cell bodies of neurons are in yellow (Their axons are surrounded by myelin, produced by oligodendrocytes).
Ependymal cells secrete high molecular mass glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid, in which the bulk of them condense to form a filamentous structure named Reissner's fiber. [4] The subcommissural organ/ Reissner's fiber complex is thought to be involved in the reabsorption and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid, and with functions ...
The autonomic nervous system influences choroid plexus CSF secretion, with activation of the sympathetic nervous system decreasing secretion and the parasympathetic nervous system increasing it. [3] Changes in the pH of the blood can affect the activity of carbonic anhydrase , and some drugs (such as furosemide , acting on the Na-K-Cl ...
Regions of the choroid plexus produce and secrete most of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the central nervous system. [2] [3] The choroid plexus consists of modified ependymal cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue. [3] Multiple cilia on the ependymal cells move to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid. [4]
The cells in the respiratory epithelium are of five main types: a) ciliated cells, b) goblet cells, c) brush cells, d) airway basal cells, and e) small granule cells (NDES) [6] Goblet cells become increasingly fewer further down the respiratory tree until they are absent in the terminal bronchioles; club cells take over their role to some extent here. [7]
The subependymal zone (SEZ) is a cell layer below the ependyma in the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is an adult version of the embryonic forebrain germinal zone.This region contains adult neural stem cells also called neuroepithelial cells which have the potential to generate new neurons and glial cells. [1]