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Etretinate is a highly lipophilic, aromatic retinoid. It is stored and released from adipose tissue, so its effects can continue long after dosage stops. It is detectable in the plasma for up to three years following therapy. Etretinate has a low therapeutic index and a long elimination half-life (t 1/2) of 120 days, [2] which make dosing ...
Fenretinide (N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide; 4-HPR) is a synthetic retinoid derivative. Retinoids are substances related to vitamin A. It has been investigated for potential use in the treatment of cancer, as well as in the treatment of cystic fibrosis, [1] rheumatoid arthritis, acne, psoriasis, and has been found to also slow the production and accumulation of a toxin that leads to vision loss ...
Toxic effects of retinoids occur with both acute or prolonged intake, depending on which retinoid is considered. The specific toxicity is related to the mechanism of action as well as exposure. A medical sign of chronic or acute poisoning with retinol is hypervitaminosis A , which includes the presence of painful tender swellings on the long bones.
The most important technical challenges in the implementation of a successful composite patch repair are: (a) proper design of the repair patch and the procedures that will be followed, (b) selection of the most suitable materials and tools for the application, (c) careful surface preparation, (d) implementation of the composite patch repair ...
Alitretinoin is a form of vitamin A. Alitretinoin has been administered in oncological clinical studies at dosages of more than 10-times of the therapeutic dosage given for chronic hand eczema. The adverse effects observed were consistent with retinoid toxicity, and included severe headache, diarrhoea, facial flushing and hypertriglyceridemia ...
Acitretin is a metabolite of etretinate, which was used prior to the introduction of acitretin. Etretinate was discontinued because it had a narrow therapeutic index as well as a long elimination half-life (t 1/2 = 120 days), making dosing difficult. In contrast, acitretin's half-life is approximately 2 days.
Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), is a medication used for the treatment of acne and acute promyelocytic leukemia. [8] [9] [10] For acne, it is applied to the skin as a cream, gel or ointment. [10]
Retinoid receptors are type II nuclear receptors (a class of proteins) that bind to retinoids. When bound to a retinoid, they act as transcription factors, altering the expression of genes with corresponding response elements. Subtypes include: Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) RAR-related orphan receptors (RORs)