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Toxic effects of retinoids occur with both acute or prolonged intake, depending on which retinoid is considered. The specific toxicity is related to the mechanism of action as well as exposure. A medical sign of chronic or acute poisoning with retinol is hypervitaminosis A , which includes the presence of painful tender swellings on the long bones.
Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), is a medication used for the treatment of acne and acute promyelocytic leukemia. [8] [9] [10] For acne, it is applied to the skin as a cream, gel or ointment. [10]
Acitretin is a metabolite of etretinate, which was used prior to the introduction of acitretin. Etretinate was discontinued because it had a narrow therapeutic index as well as a long elimination half-life (t 1/2 = 120 days), making dosing difficult. In contrast, acitretin's half-life is approximately 2 days.
Etretinate is a highly lipophilic, aromatic retinoid. It is stored and released from adipose tissue, so its effects can continue long after dosage stops. It is detectable in the plasma for up to three years following therapy. Etretinate has a low therapeutic index and a long elimination half-life (t 1/2) of 120 days, [2] which make dosing ...
Alitretinoin is a form of vitamin A. Alitretinoin has been administered in oncological clinical studies at dosages of more than 10-times of the therapeutic dosage given for chronic hand eczema. The adverse effects observed were consistent with retinoid toxicity, and included severe headache, diarrhoea, facial flushing and hypertriglyceridemia ...
Isotretinoin, also known as 13-cis-retinoic acid and sold under the brand name Accutane among others, is a medication used to treat skin diseases like harlequin-type ichthyosis, and lamellar ichthyosis, and severe cystic acne or moderate acne that is unresponsive to antibiotics. [6]
Tazarotene, sold under the brand name Tazorac, among others, is a third-generation prescription topical retinoid. [2] [3] It is primarily used for the treatment of plaque psoriasis and acne. [4] Tazarotene is also used as a therapeutic for photoaged and photodamaged skin. [4] It is a member of the acetylenic class of retinoids. [4]
These types of studies strongly support the normal roles of retinoids in patterning vertebrate embryogenesis through the Hox genes. [12] In adults, retinoic acid has a key role in preventing autoimmunity in mucosal tissues. Retinoic acid produced by dendritic cells promotes regulatory T cell formation to promote tolerance within the colon. [13]