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An operating temperature is the allowable temperature range of the local ambient environment at which an electrical or mechanical device operates. The device will operate effectively within a specified temperature range which varies based on the device function and application context, and ranges from the minimum operating temperature to the maximum operating temperature (or peak operating ...
The efficiency of a concentrating solar power system depends on the technology used to convert the solar power to electrical energy, the operating temperature of the receiver and the heat rejection, thermal losses in the system, and the presence or absence of other system losses; in addition to the conversion efficiency, the optical system ...
These are much more severe conditions than any API-specified oil was designed for: cars which typically push their oil temperature consistently above 100 °C (212 °F) are most turbocharged engines, along with most engines of European or Japanese origin, particularly small capacity, high power output.
Chart showing flat-plate collectors outperforming evacuated tubes up until 67 °C (120 °F) above ambient and, shaded in gray, the normal operating range for solar domestic hot water systems. [13] In most climates, flat plate collectors will generally be more cost-effective than evacuated tubes. [14]
The 44% value given above is for a specific set of conditions known as "standard test conditions". These include a specific spectrum, an incident optical power of 850 W/m 2, and a cell temperature of 25 °C. In a concentrating system, the cell will typically operate under conditions of variable spectrum, lower optical power, and higher temperature.
Operating temperatures are typically near 650 °C. [57] Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) A type of fuel cell in which the electrolyte consists of concentrated phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4). Protons (H+) are transported from the anode to the cathode. The operating temperature range is generally 160–220 °C. [57] Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell ...
Photovoltaic system performance is generally dependent on incident irradiance in the plane of the solar panels, the temperature of the solar cells, and the spectrum of the incident light. Furthermore, it is dependent upon the inverter, which typically sets the operating voltage of the system. The voltage and current output of the system changes ...
The oil fails the test at a particular temperature if the oil is too viscous. The grade of the oil is that associated with the coldest temperature at which the oil passes the test. For example, if an oil passes at the specified temperatures for 10W and 5W, but fails at the 0W temperature, the oil is grade 5W. It cannot be labeled 0W or 10W.