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Ali regularly represented Muhammad in missions that were preceded or followed by Quranic injunctions. [1] [2] Nevertheless, the mainstream view in Islam is that he is not mentioned by name in the Quran, [3] [4] although some have interpreted certain occurrences of the words aliyyan, aliyyun, alayya in the Quran in reference to Ali. [1]
Nahj al-balagha contains sensitive material, such as sharp criticism of the predecessors of Ali, [8] and disapproval of the triumvirate who revolted against Ali in the Battle of the Camel in 656, namely, Talha and Zubayr, who were both senior companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and his widow Aisha.
In Shia theology, Ali also inherited the esoteric knowledge of Muhammad. Ali is thus viewed, after Muhammad, as the sole authoritative source of (esoteric) guidance and the interpreter, par excellence, of the Quran, the central religious text of Islam. Shia Muslims also believe that Ali, as with Muhammad, was divinely protected from sins.
Legal decisions of Ali are thus considered binding in Sunni Islam, [42] [43] and sayings attributed to Ali are often cited by Sunni scholars to counter Shia positions. [1] This acceptance of Ali, however, appears to be a late development in Sunni Islam, [ 1 ] probably dating to the ninth century. [ 44 ]
In Sunni Islam, Ali is venerated as a close companion of Muhammad, [467] a foremost authority on the Quran and Islamic law, [431] [468] and the fountainhead of wisdom in Sunni spirituality. [465] When the prophet died in 632, Ali had his claims to leadership, perhaps in reference to the Ghadir Khumm, [ 110 ] [ 42 ] but he eventually accepted ...
The Mushaf of Ali is a codex of the Quran (a mushaf) that was collected by one of its first scribes, Ali ibn Abi Talib (d. 661), the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Ali is also recognized as the fourth Rashidun caliph (r. 656–661) and the first Shia imam.
'Ali, the youngest'), was the youngest son of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad and the third Shia Imam. A young child, likely an infant, he was killed in the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE , alongside his father, family members, and a small number of supporters, all of whom were massacred by the forces of the Umayyad caliph Yazid ( r.
Al-Sajjad was the great-grandson of Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the grandson of the first Shia imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib, by the latter's marriage with Muhammad's daughter, Fatima. [4] After his grandfather was assassinated in 661, al-Sajjad was raised by his uncle Hasan and his father, Husayn , the second and third Shia imams, respectively. [ 1 ]