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Cobweb plot of the Gauss map for = and =.This shows an 8-cycle. In mathematics, the Gauss map (also known as Gaussian map [1] or mouse map), is a nonlinear iterated map of the reals into a real interval given by the Gaussian function:
That is to say, when one or more values are missing for a case, most statistical packages default to discarding any case that has a missing value, which may introduce bias or affect the representativeness of the results. Imputation preserves all cases by replacing missing data with an estimated value based on other available information.
The formula then divides by () to account for the fact that we remove the observation rather than adjusting its value, reflecting the fact that removal changes the distribution of covariates more when applied to high-leverage observations (i.e. with outlier covariate values). Similar formulas arise when applying general formulas for statistical ...
In the lower plot, both the area and population data have been transformed using the logarithm function. In statistics, data transformation is the application of a deterministic mathematical function to each point in a data set—that is, each data point z i is replaced with the transformed value y i = f(z i), where f is a function.
Nevertheless, if f is a differentiable function defined over a compact subset of R n, then the initial value problem has a unique solution defined over the entire R. [6] Similar result exists in differential geometry : if f is a differentiable vector field defined over a domain which is a compact smooth manifold , then all its trajectories ...
Logistic regression is used in various fields, including machine learning, most medical fields, and social sciences. For example, the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (), which is widely used to predict mortality in injured patients, was originally developed by Boyd et al. using logistic regression. [6]
In engineering, a transfer function (also known as system function [1] or network function) of a system, sub-system, or component is a mathematical function that models the system's output for each possible input. [2] [3] [4] It is widely used in electronic engineering tools like circuit simulators and control systems.
On some computer architectures, it is more efficient to store a zero in a register by XOR-ing the register with itself (bits XOR-ed with themselves are always zero) than to load and store the value zero. In cryptography, XOR is sometimes used as a simple, self-inverse mixing function, such as in one-time pad or Feistel network systems.