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A study into the effects of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil, on benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms persisting after withdrawal was carried out by Lader and Morton. Study subjects had been benzodiazepine-free for between one month and five years, but all reported persisting withdrawal effects to varying degrees.
Guaifenesin might act as an expectorant by increasing the volume and reducing the viscosity of secretions in the trachea and bronchi via stimulation of the gastric mucosa. . This stimulation leads to an increased parasympathetic activity in the respiratory tract via the so-called gastro-pulmonary reflex, although some in vitro studies suggested that it might also act directly on the ...
A 2019 review found that one to two cups consumed per day had no effect on hypertension risk, whereas drinking three or more cups per day reduced the risk, [18] a finding in agreement with a 2017 analysis which showed a 9% lower risk of hypertension with long-term consumption of up to seven cups of coffee per day. [19] Another review in 2018 ...
Caffeine dependence can cause a host of physiological effects if caffeine consumption is not maintained. Withdrawal symptoms may include headaches, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, lack of motivation, mood swings, nausea, insomnia, dizziness, cardiac issues, hypertension, anxiety, backaches, and joint pain; these can range in severity from mild to severe. [18]
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
A review in 2006 of the literature on use of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics concluded that more research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of hypnotic drugs. [84] The majority of the problems of benzodiazepines are related to their long-term use rather than their short-term use. [ 85 ]
Beneficial side effects are less common; some examples, in many cases of side-effects that ultimately gained regulatory approval as intended effects, are: Bevacizumab ( Avastin ), used to slow the growth of blood vessels, has been used against dry age-related macular degeneration , as well as macular edema from diseases such as diabetic ...
Paradoxical effects of benzodiazepines appear to be dose-related, that is, likelier to occur with higher doses. [ 16 ] In a letter to the British Medical Journal , it was reported that a high proportion of parents referred for actual or threatened child abuse were taking medication at the time, often a combination of benzodiazepines and ...