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The appropriate thickness of a layer of track ballast depends on the size and spacing of the ties, the amount of traffic on the line, and various other factors. [1] Track ballast should never be laid down less than 150 mm (6 inches) thick, [5] and high-speed railway lines may require ballast up to 0.5 metres (20 inches) thick. [6]
Kentledge or kentledge weights, are slabs or blocks of concrete or iron (usually pig iron, sometimes with a cast-in handle to assist moving). They are used within ships or boats as permanent, high-density ballast. They may also be used as counterweights in cranes such as tower cranes or swing bridges as is found in the Victoria Swing Bridge.
Concrete sleepers are up to 300 pounds (136.1 kg) heavier than their wooden counterparts. As a result, larger sized ballast is required to both support and hold in place the sleepers on the roadbed. Additionally, they do not absorb as much vibration from passing trains as wooden sleepers do.
Ballast is weight placed low in ships to lower their centre of gravity, which increases stability (more technically, to provide a righting moment to resist any heeling moment on the hull). Insufficiently ballasted boats tend to tip or heel excessively in high winds. Too much heel may result in the vessel filling with water and/or capsizing. If ...
Water should be moved in and out from the ballast tank to balance the ship. In a vessel that travels on the water, the ballast will be kept below the water level, to counteract the effects of weight above the water level. [1] The ballast may be redistributed in the vessel or disposed of altogether to change its effects on the movement of the ...
[1] [2] Aggregate base (AB) is typically a mix of different sizes of crushed rock 20 mm or 3 ⁄ 4 in Aggregate Base, Class 2, is used in roadways and consists of rock particles of size 20 mm (3 ⁄ 4 in) and less. An aggregate is normally made from newly quarried rock, or it is sometimes allowed to be made from recycled asphalt concrete and/or ...