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In the theory of evolution and natural selection, the Price equation (also known as Price's equation or Price's theorem) describes how a trait or allele changes in frequency over time. The equation uses a covariance between a trait and fitness, to give a mathematical description of evolution and natural selection. It provides a way to ...
The highest fitness payoff for the kin group is selected by natural selection. Therefore, strategies that include self-sacrifice on the part of individuals are often game winners – the evolutionarily stable strategy. Animals must live in kin-groups during part of the game for the opportunity for this altruistic sacrifice ever to take place.
The idea of a fitness landscape is a metaphor to help explain flawed forms in evolution by natural selection, including exploits and glitches in animals like their reactions to supernormal stimuli. The idea of studying evolution by visualizing the distribution of fitness values as a kind of landscape was first introduced by Sewall Wright in ...
The mean population fitness ¯ is a measure of the overall fitness of the population. In the GSM, the rate of change Δ Q {\displaystyle \Delta Q} is inversely proportional to the mean fitness W ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {W}}} —i.e. when the population is maximally fit, no further change can occur.
In addition, selection mechanisms are also used to choose candidate solutions (individuals) for the next generation. The biological model is natural selection. Retaining the best individual(s) of one generation unchanged in the next generation is called elitism or elitist selection. It is a successful (slight) variant of the general process of ...
Inclusive fitness has also been used to explain the existence of spiteful behaviour, where individuals negatively influence the fitness of those they interact with at a cost to their own personal fitness. Inclusive fitness and neighbour-modulated fitness are both frameworks that leverage the individual as the unit of selection.
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Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations.