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Analogy is a comparison or correspondence between two things (or two groups of things) because of a third element that they are considered to share. [1]In logic, it is an inference or an argument from one particular to another particular, as opposed to deduction, induction, and abduction.
Literal and figurative language is a distinction that exists in all natural languages; it is studied within certain areas of language analysis, in particular stylistics, rhetoric, and semantics. Literal language is the usage of words exactly according to their direct, straightforward, or conventionally accepted meanings : their denotation .
The example of flammable, having the same meaning as inflammable, is an example of analogical creation, as the word flammable has been created and added to the language system. Analogical maintenance occurs when a regular sound change is prevented from occurring on the basis of analogy.
Ibn Taymiyya considered the use of analogy based on literal meaning of scripture as a valid source for deriving legal rulings. [3] [6] Analogy is the primary instrument of legal rationalism in Islam. [7] He acknowledged its use as one of the four fundamental principles of Islamic jurisprudence. [8]
The two things compared in a figurative analogy are not obviously comparable in most respects. [2] Metaphors and similes are two types of figurative analogies. In the course of analogical reasoning, figurative analogies become weak if the disanalogies of the entities being compared are relevant—in the same way that literal analogies become ...
Legal analogy is usually considered distinct from extensive interpretation, which stays within the words of existing law.However, some authorities argue that the distinction between the two is unclear or untenable, as both approaches extending the effect of a statute beyond its literal words based on the purpose or intent of the legislature. [1]
Analogy blindness leads to the rejection of analogies based on surface-level differences, ignoring deeper structural or thematic parallels. [4] This can limit understanding and hinder the meaningful exploration of ideas. Ben Kling gave the example of analogy blindness in the case of comparison between a volcano and a geyser. [4]
An example of the use of qiyās is the case of the ban on selling or buying of goods after the last call for Friday prayers until the end of the prayer stated in the Quran 62:9. By analogy this prohibition is extended to other transactions and activities such as agricultural work and administration. [1]