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Young's modulus is defined as the ratio of the stress (force per unit area) applied to the object and the resulting axial strain (displacement or deformation) in the linear elastic region of the material. Although Young's modulus is named after the 19th-century British scientist Thomas Young, the concept was developed in 1727 by Leonhard Euler.
1 Young's modulus. 2 Poisson's ratio. 3 Bulk modulus. 4 Shear modulus. 5 References. 6 See also. Toggle the table of contents. Elastic properties of the elements ...
It measures the resonant frequencies in order to calculate the Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio and internal friction of predefined shapes like rectangular bars, cylindrical rods and disc shaped samples. The measurements can be performed at room temperature or at elevated temperatures (up to 1700 °C) under different atmospheres. [2]
Once this material is attached to a rigid body at multiple locations, thermal stresses can be created in the geometrically constrained region. This stress is calculated by multiplying the change in temperature, material's thermal expansion coefficient and material's Young's modulus (see formula below).
The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three dimensions. Flexural modulus ( E flex ) describes the object's tendency to flex when acted upon by a moment . Two other elastic moduli are Lamé's first parameter , λ, and P-wave modulus , M , as used in table of modulus comparisons given below references.
Here t is the time, G is the modulus, and T 0 < T 1 < T 2. Temperature dependence of elastic modulus of a viscoelastic material under periodic excitation. The frequency is ω, G' is the elastic modulus, and T 0 < T 1 < T 2. The time–temperature superposition principle is a concept in polymer physics and in the physics of glass-forming liquids ...
The various moduli apply to different kinds of deformation. For instance, Young's modulus applies to extension/compression of a body, whereas the shear modulus applies to its shear. [1] Young's modulus and shear modulus are only for solids, whereas the bulk modulus is for solids, liquids, and gases.
A sinusoidal stress is applied and the strain in the material is measured, allowing one to determine the complex modulus. The temperature of the sample or the frequency of the stress are often varied, leading to variations in the complex modulus; this approach can be used to locate the glass transition temperature [1] of the material, as well ...