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Copper electroplating is the process of electroplating a layer of copper onto the surface of a metal object. Copper is used both as a standalone coating and as an undercoat onto which other metals are subsequently plated. [ 1 ]
cathode made of platinum or stainless steel (needle), anode nickel-plated or gold-plated copper or brass or polished steel, duration 10 s, distance between cathode and anode 3 mm . [20] An electrolyte of 100 g of litharge dissolved in 0.5 l of water can also be used in which 100 g of NaOH is dissolved.
After the Second World War, there was a growing interest in green patinated copper sheets, which were intended primarily for architectural use. [18] [19] [20] Technologies for anodic oxidation of titanium, and later niobium and tantalum, have evolved since the mid-1960s. Technology for the anodic oxidation of stainless steel was developed too ...
Electroplating of acid gold on underlying copper- or nickel-plated circuits reduces contact resistance as well as surface hardness. Copper-plated areas of mild steel act as a mask if case-hardening of such areas are not desired. Tin-plated steel is chromium-plated to prevent dulling of the surface due to oxidation of tin.
This plating is a combination of a high-nickel zinc-nickel alloy (10–15% nickel) and some variation of chromate. The most common mixed chromates include hexavalent iridescent, trivalent or black trivalent chromate. Used to protect steel, cast iron, brass, copper, and other materials, this acidic plating is an environmentally safe option. [6]
While nearly any metal may be electropolished, the most-commonly polished metals are 300- and 400-series stainless steel, aluminum, copper, titanium, and nickel- and copper-alloys. Ultra-high vacuum (UHV) components are typically electropolished in order to have a smoother surface for improved vacuum pressures, out-gassing rates, and pumping speed.