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The philosophical foundations of modern urban sociology originate from the work of sociologists such as Karl Marx, Ferdinand Tönnies, Émile Durkheim, Max Weber and Georg Simmel who studied and theorized the economic, social and cultural processes of urbanization and its effects on social alienation, class formation, and the production or ...
Rendering of a modern large-scale urban development in Kazan, Russia Urbanism is the study of how inhabitants of urban areas, such as towns and cities , interact with the built environment . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is a direct component of disciplines such as urban planning , a profession focusing on the design and management of urban areas, and ...
Urban culture is the culture of towns and cities. The defining theme is the presence of a large population in a limited space that follows social norms . [ 1 ] This makes it possible for many subcultures close to each other, exposed to social influence without necessarily intruding into the private sphere . [ 2 ]
Largely as a result of these characteristics, modernity is vastly more dynamic than any previous type of social order. It is a society—more technically, a complex of institutions—which, unlike any preceding culture, lives in the future, rather than the past. [41] Other writers have criticized such definitions as just being a listing of factors.
In this model, the modernization of a society required the destruction of the indigenous culture and its replacement by a more Westernized one. By one definition, modern simply refers to the present, and any society still in existence is therefore modern. Proponents of modernization typically view only Western society as being truly modern and ...
The new Brazilian capital was completed in under four years and was presented to the world upon its completion in 1960 as the epitome of urban modernism. [41] The city was planned as a manifestation of Brazil's future as a modern, industrialized power, creating a completely new city that would then create a new society. [42]
This portrayal of modern urban life as empty or lonely is a common theme throughout Hopper's work. [ 137 ] American Gothic is a painting by Grant Wood from 1930 portraying a pitchfork -holding farmer and a younger woman in front of a house of Carpenter Gothic style, it is one of the most familiar images in 20th-century American art . [ 138 ]
Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936) describes evolution as the development from informal society, where people have many liberties and there are few laws and obligations, to modern, formal rational society, dominated by traditions and laws, where people are restricted from acting as they wish. [56]