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Morning sickness, also called nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP), is a symptom of pregnancy that involves nausea or vomiting. [1] Despite the name, nausea or vomiting can occur at any time during the day. [2] Typically the symptoms occur between the 4th and 16th weeks of pregnancy. [2]
Vomiting is a common condition affecting about 50% of pregnant women, with another 25% having nausea. [48] However, the incidence of HG is only 0.3–1.5%. [4] After preterm labor, hyperemesis gravidarum is the second most common reason for hospital admission during the first half of pregnancy. [16]
The exact cause of morning sickness remains unknown. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy is typically mild and self-limited, resolving on its own by the 14th week of pregnancy. Other causes should also be ruled out when considering treatment. Initial treatment is typically conservative, and may include changes to diet and emotional support.
Most often, nausea and vomiting symptoms during pregnancy resolve in the first trimester, however, some continue to experience symptoms. Hyperemesis gravidarum is diagnosed by the following criteria: greater than 3 vomiting episodes per day, ketonuria, and weight loss of more than 3 kg or 5% of body weight.
Antihistamines may be prescribed in early pregnancy for the treatment of nausea and vomiting along with symptoms of asthma and allergies. [54] First generation antihistamines include diphenhydramine (Benadryl), chlorpheniramine (Diabetic Tussin), hydroxyzine (Atarax), and doxepin (Sinequan). [55]
Preliminary clinical data suggests ginger may be effective for treatment of nausea and/or vomiting in a number of settings. [19] [20] [21] Emetrol is also claimed to be an effective antiemetic. Propofol is given intravenously. It has been used in an acute care setting in hospital as a rescue therapy for emesis. [22]
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