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The Puritan culture of the New England colonies of the seventeenth century was influenced by Calvinist theology, which believed in a "just, almighty God," [1] and a lifestyle of pious, consecrated actions. The Puritans participated in their own forms of recreational activity, including visual arts, literature, and music.
In the 17th century, the word Puritan was a term applied not to just one group but to many. Historians still debate a precise definition of Puritanism. [6] Originally, Puritan was a pejorative term characterizing certain Protestant groups as extremist. Thomas Fuller, in his Church History, dates the first use of the word to 1564.
In the early 17th century, thousands of English Puritans settled in North America, almost all in New England.Puritans were intensely devout members of the Church of England who believed that the Church of England was insufficiently reformed, retaining too much of its Roman Catholic doctrinal roots, and who therefore opposed royal ecclesiastical policy.
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In the early seventeenth century, Baptists like John Smyth and Thomas Helwys published tracts in defence of religious freedom. [70] Their thinking influenced John Milton's and John Locke's stance on tolerance. [71] [72] In the 16th century, the Puritan movement was founded in opposition to perceived residual Catholicism in the Church of England.
Organ music would play a large role in Lutheran music later on. Luther said that music ought to be “accorded the greatest honour and a place next to theology” due to its great importance. [20] During the Reformation, Luther did much to encourage the composition and publication of hymns, and wrote numerous worship songs in German. [21]
For Baxter's involvement in the Great Ejection and the persecution of puritans, see Gatiss, Lee, The Tragedy of 1662: The Ejection and Persecution of the Puritans, Latimer trust, archived from the original on 11 September 2007. For a small selection of Baxter's hymns, see his Cyberhymnal page. Grosart, Alexander Balloch (1885). "Baxter, Richard" .
Opponents cast doubt on the political loyalties of the Puritans, equating their beliefs with resistance theory. In their preaching, Arminians began to take a royalist line. Abbot was deprived of effective power in 1627, in a quarrel with the king over Robert Sibthorpe, one such royalist cleric. Richard Montagu was made Bishop of Chichester in 1628.