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The world itself is text; a reference to a pure meaning prior to language cannot be expressed in it. [38] As he stressed, "the subject is not some meta-linguistic substance or identity, some pure cogito of self-presence; it is always inscribed in language". [39] Michel Foucault challenged the foundational aspects of Enlightenment humanism. [40]
Thomas Hobbes is an example of misanthropy in early modern philosophy. His negative outlook on humanity is reflected in many of his works. For him, humans are egoistic and violent: they act according to their self-interest and are willing to pursue their goals at the expense of others.
Contemporary philosophers have drawn on the work of Henri Bergson, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, and Claude Lévi-Strauss (among others) to suggest that the non-human poses epistemological and ontological problems for humanist and post-humanist ethics, [2] and have linked the study of non-humans to materialist and ethological approaches to the study of society and culture.
Property scholars define dehumanization as "the failure to recognize an individual's or group's humanity." [74] Dehumanization often occurs alongside property confiscation. When a property takeover is coupled with dehumanization, the result is a dignity taking. [74] There are several examples of dignity takings involving dehumanization.
This is an index of lists of deities of the different religions, cultures and mythologies of the world. List of deities by classification; Lists of deities by cultural sphere; List of fictional deities; List of goddesses; List of people who have been considered deities; see also Apotheosis, Imperial cult and Sacred king
Scholarship varies on the definition of genocide employed when analysing whether events are genocidal in nature. [2] The United Nations Genocide Convention, not always employed, defines genocide as "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or ...
The headers refer to the names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. Instead, they are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically, and ideologically related to each other.
Other Indo-European languages name man for his mortality, *mr̥tós meaning ' mortal ', so in Armenian mard, Persian mard, Sanskrit marta and Greek βροτός meaning ' mortal, human '. This is comparable to the Semitic word for ' man ' , represented by Arabic insan إنسان (cognate with Hebrew ʼenōš אֱנוֹשׁ ), from a root for ...