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The deadly Russian famine of 1921–22, which killed about five million people battered an already war-torn Russia, Vladimir Lenin's war communism policies took an unintended negative turn. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The measure were harsh, but it did help the Bolsheviks to win the Civil War and stabilize the crisis of the nation.
The Jewish Labour Bund was an important component of the social democratic movement in the Russian Empire until the 1917 Russian Revolution; [331] the Bundists initially opposed the October Revolution, but ended up supporting it due to pogroms committed by the Volunteer Army of the anti-communist White movement during the Russian Civil War ...
The Cold War period saw a global ideological struggle between the communist bloc, led by the Soviet Union, and the capitalist West, led by the United States. The eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked a significant decline in the global influence of communism, though the ideology persists in some countries and continues to ...
The press in the communist period was an organ of the state, completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party. [104] Before the late 1980s, Eastern Bloc radio and television organizations were state-owned, while print media was usually owned by political organizations, mostly by the local communist party. [ 105 ]
In addition, the Russian Civil War, which had been the main reason for the introduction of War Communism, had virtually been won; so controls could be relaxed. In the 1920s, there was a great debate between Bukharin, Tomsky and Rykov on the one hand, and Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev on the other. The former group considered that the NEP ...
In 1921 Lenin replaced the food requisitioning policy with a tax, signaling the inauguration of the New Economic Policy. [11] Leon Trotsky had also proposed the principles which would underlie the NEP in 1920 to the Politbureau in an effort to mitigate urgent economic matters arising from war communism. He would later reproach Lenin privately ...
The history of communism encompasses a wide variety of ideologies and political movements sharing the core principles of common ownership of wealth, economic enterprise, and property. [1] [2] Most modern forms of communism are grounded at least nominally in Marxism, a theory and method conceived by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels during the 19th ...
The Soviet government responded by introducing the New Economic Policy (NEP), which brought an end to the policy of "war communism". [180] The cessation of food requisitioning removed the main grievance that the peasants had against the Bolsheviks, effectively severing the Makhnovshchina from their war-weary peasant base. [ 181 ]