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Pyelonephritis affects about 1 to 2 per 1,000 women each year and just under 0.5 per 1,000 males. [5] [7] Young adult females are most often affected, followed by the very young and old. [2] With treatment, outcomes are generally good in young adults.
Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis; formerly Pasteurella pestis) is a gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillus bacterium without spores that is related to both Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, the pathogen from which Y. pestis evolved [1] [2] and responsible for the Far East scarlet-like fever.
Although Y. pestis as the causative agent of plague was still widely accepted during this period, scientific and historical investigations in the late 20th century through publication of conclusive evidence in 2011 led some researchers to doubt the long-held belief that the Black Death was an epidemic of bubonic plague.
Infection of GAS may spread through direct contact with mucus or sores on the skin. [2] GAS infections can cause over 500,000 deaths per year. [4] Despite the emergence of antibiotics as a treatment for group A streptococcus, cases of iGAS are an increasing problem, particularly on the continent of Africa. [5]
Pneumonic plague is a very aggressive infection requiring early treatment, which must be given within 24 hours of first symptoms to reduce the risk of death. [7] Streptomycin , gentamicin , tetracyclines and chloramphenicol are all able to kill the causative bacterium.
In the United States, P. boydii is the most common causal agent of eumycetoma, and tends to be more common in men than in women, particularly in the 20- to 45-year-old age group. [10] In the United States, the incidence of infection by S. apiospermum between 1993 and 1998 was 0.82 per 100,000 patient-inpatient days; this figure increased to 1. ...
Selenium sulfide applied to dry scalp or skin is an inexpensive well tolerated treatment to balance skin's biome and works by drying fungus like tinea versicolor that can coexist with acanthosis and exacerbate discoloration. Acanthosis nigricans maligna may resolve if the causative tumor is successfully removed. [22]
Black discharge tends to be caused by species from the genera Madurella, Pyrenochaeta, Exophiala, Leptosphaeria and Curvularia. [13] The most common species are Madurella mycetomatis [13] [17] and Trematospheria grisea (previously called Madurella grisea). [13] [18] Other fungal causative agents include: Acremonium falciform [5] [19] Acremonium ...