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Urinary anti-infective agent, also known as urinary antiseptic, is medication that can eliminate microorganisms causing urinary tract infection (UTI). UTI can be categorized into two primary types: cystitis, which refers to lower urinary tract or bladder infection, and pyelonephritis, which indicates upper urinary tract or kidney infection. [1]
Treatment of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis involves antibiotics as well as surgery. Removal of the kidney is the best surgical treatment in the overwhelming majority of cases, although polar resection (partial nephrectomy) has been effective for some people with localized disease.
Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine among men over 75 are between 7–10%. [11] 2–10% of pregnant women have asymptomatic bacteria in the urine and higher rates are reported in women who live in some underdeveloped countries. [108] Urinary tract infections may affect 10% of people during childhood. [7]
They recorded observations of the effects of the disease over time. Under the impression they were being treated for "bad blood", the participants were given free healthcare by the government. [60] As ineffective treatment was given to the subjects, two-thirds of the group had died by the end of the 40-year experiment.
Chemicals tested on the U.S. military personnel included the nerve gases VX and Sarin, [55] toxic chemicals such as zinc cadmium sulfide [56] and sulfur dioxide, and a variety of biological agents including Bacillus globigii, [57] [58] Coxiella burnetii (the causative agent of Q fever), [59] and Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of ...
Some members of Yersinia are pathogenic in humans; in particular, Y. pestis is the causative agent of the plague. Rodents are the natural reservoirs of Yersinia; less frequently, other mammals serve as the host.
In ascending infections, fecal bacteria colonize the urethra and spread up the urinary tract to the bladder as well as to the kidneys (causing pyelonephritis), [37] or the prostate in males. Because women have a shorter urethra than men, they are 14 times more likely to suffer from an ascending UTI. [11]
The scarring of the small blood vessels, called capillary sclerosis, is the initial lesion of analgesic nephropathy. [7] Found in the renal pelvis, ureter, and capillaries supplying the nephrons, capillary sclerosis is thought to lead to renal papillary necrosis and, in turn, chronic interstitial nephritis.