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Cytochrome c is a highly conserved protein across the spectrum of eukaryotic species, found in plants, animals, fungi, and many unicellular organisms. This, along with its small size (molecular weight about 12,000 daltons), [7] makes it useful in studies of cladistics. [8] Cytochrome c has been studied for the glimpse it gives into evolutionary ...
Small soluble cytochrome c proteins with a molecular weight of 8-12 kDa and a single heme group belong to class I. [10] [11] It includes the low-spin soluble cytC of mitochondria and bacteria, with the heme-attachment site located towards the N-terminus, and the sixth ligand provided by a methionine residue about 40 residues further on towards the C-terminus.
The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV (was EC 1.9.3.1, ... The inability of the enzyme to reduce oxygen to water results in a buildup of oxygen, ...
In Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; EC 1.9.3.1), sometimes called cytochrome AA3, four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen (O 2) and four protons, producing two molecules of water. The complex contains coordinated copper ions and several heme groups.
Complex III itself is composed of several subunits, one of which is a b-type cytochrome while another one is a c-type cytochrome. Both domains are involved in electron transfer within the complex. Complex IV contains a cytochrome a/a3-domain that transfers electrons and catalyzes the reaction of oxygen to water.
The mobile water-soluble electron carrier is cytochrome c 6 in cyanobacteria, having been replaced by plastocyanin in plants. [8] Cyanobacteria can also synthesize ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, in the manner of other bacteria. The electron transport chain is NADH dehydrogenase → plastoquinol → b 6 f → cyt c 6 → cyt aa 3 → O 2
The mechanism involves ferrous cytochrome c (Cc) providing electrons for the Cc-CcP system to reduce hydrogen peroxide to water. [4] The complex is formed by non-covalent interactions. [5] Cytochrome c peroxidase can react with hydroperoxides other than hydrogen peroxide, but the reaction rate is much slower than with hydrogen peroxide.
The cytochrome system is usually only present in aerobic organisms that are capable of using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. The end-product of this metabolism is either water or hydrogen peroxide (broken down by catalase). [1]