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The conventional definition of the spin quantum number is s = n / 2 , where n can be any non-negative integer. Hence the allowed values of s are 0, 1 / 2 , 1, 3 / 2 , 2, etc. The value of s for an elementary particle depends only on the type of particle and cannot be altered in any known way (in contrast to the spin ...
Electrons are affected by two thermodynamic forces [from the charge, ∇(E F /e c) where E F is the Fermi level and e c is the electron charge and temperature gradient, ∇(1/T)] because they carry both charge and thermal energy, and thus electric current j e and heat flow q are described with the thermoelectric tensors (A ee, A et, A te, and A ...
The excitation temperature can even be negative for a system with inverted levels (such as a maser). In observations of the 21 cm line of hydrogen , the apparent value of the excitation temperature is often called the "spin temperature".
Ballistic electrons behave like light in a waveguide or a high-quality optical assembly. Non-ballistic electrons behave like light diffused in milk or reflected off a white wall or a piece of paper. Electrons can be scattered several ways in a conductor. Electrons have several properties: wavelength (energy), direction, phase, and spin orientation.
The spin Nernst effect is a phenomenon of spin current generation caused by the thermal flow of electrons or magnons in condensed matter. Under a thermal drive such as temperature gradient or chemical potential gradient, spin-up and spin-down carriers can flow perpendicularly to the thermal current and towards opposite directions without the application of a magnetic field.
The spin magnetic moment is intrinsic for an electron. [3] It is = . Here S is the electron spin angular momentum. The spin g-factor is approximately two: . The factor of two indicates that the electron appears to be twice as effective in producing a magnetic moment as a charged body for which the mass and charge distributions are identical.
The term "ionic wind" is considered a misnomer due to misconceptions that only positive and negative ions were primarily involved in the phenomenon. A 2018 study found that electrons play a larger role than negative ions during the negative voltage period. As a result, the term "electric wind" has been suggested as a more accurate terminology. [1]
On many experimental sites it is reported that the thrust effect of a lifter is actually a bit stronger when the small electrode is the positive one. [1] This is possibly an effect of the differences between the ionization energy and electron affinity energy of the constituent parts of air; thus the ease of which ions are created at the 'sharp ...