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3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model. [1] [2] [3] It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under computer control, [4] with the material being added together (such as plastics, liquids or powder grains being fused), typically layer by layer.
Tinkercad is a free-of-charge, online 3D modeling program that runs in a web browser. [1] Since it became available in 2011 it has become a popular platform for creating models for 3D printing as well as an entry-level introduction to constructive solid geometry in schools. [2]
A desktop FFF printer made by Stratasys. Fused deposition modeling was developed by S. Scott Crump, co-founder of Stratasys, in 1988. [6] [7] With the 2009 expiration of the patent on this technology, [8] people could use this type of printing without paying Stratasys for the right to do so, opening up commercial, DIY, and open-source 3D printer applications.
Computer-aided design (CAD) model used for 3D printing. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting. 3D scanning is a process of collecting digital data on the shape and appearance of a real object, creating a digital model based on it.
Design for additive manufacturing (DfAM or DFAM) is design for manufacturability as applied to additive manufacturing (AM). It is a general type of design methods or tools whereby functional performance and/or other key product life-cycle considerations such as manufacturability, reliability, and cost can be optimized subjected to the capabilities of additive manufacturing technologies.
In 3D printing, the bulk of each printed layer, regardless of complexity, is deposited by the same, rapid spreading process. [9] As with other powder-bed technologies, support structures are generally not required because loose powder supports overhanging features and stacked or suspended objects.