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Defects in cellular processes such as autophagy and mitophagy are thought to contribute to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. [2] Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized functionally by ventricular dilation, enlargement of heart cells, prominent interstitial fibrosis and decreased or preserved systolic function [5] in the presence of a diastolic dysfunction.
A pulse pressure is considered abnormally low if it is less than 25% of the systolic value. [2] If the pulse pressure is extremely low, i.e. 25 mmHg or less, it may indicate low stroke volume, as in congestive heart failure. [3] The most common cause of a low (narrow) pulse pressure is a drop in left ventricular stroke volume.
Myocarditis refers to an underlying process that causes inflammation and injury of the heart. It does not refer to inflammation of the heart as a consequence of some other insult. Many secondary causes, such as a heart attack, can lead to inflammation of the myocardium and therefore the diagnosis of myocarditis cannot be made by evidence of ...
High-output heart failure can occur when there is increased cardiac demand that results in increased left ventricular diastolic pressure which can develop into pulmonary congestion (pulmonary edema). [46] Several terms are closely related to heart failure and may be the cause of heart failure, but should not be confused with it.
Hypertensive heart disease includes a number of complications of high blood pressure that affect the heart. While there are several definitions of hypertensive heart disease in the medical literature, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] the term is most widely used in the context of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding categories.
There is a circulatory overload which may lead to pulmonary edema secondary to an elevated diastolic pressure in the left ventricle. These individuals usually have a normal systolic function but symptoms are those of heart failure. With time, this overload causes systolic failure. Ultimately cardiac output can be reduced to very low levels. [1]