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High volume hypernatremia can be due to hyperaldosteronism, excessive administration of intravenous normal saline or sodium bicarbonate, or rarely from eating too much salt. [1] [2] Low blood protein levels can result in a falsely high sodium measurement. [4] The cause can usually be determined by the history of events. [1]
Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an elevated level of chloride ions in the blood. [1] The normal serum range for chloride is 96 to 106 mEq/L, [2] therefore chloride levels at or above 110 mEq/L usually indicate kidney dysfunction as it is a regulator of chloride concentration. [3]
Pseudohyponatremia is a false low sodium reading that can be caused by high levels of fats or proteins in the blood. [14] [3] Dilutional hyponatremia can happen in diabetics as high glucose levels pull water into the blood stream causing the sodium concentration to be lower.
The normal blood reference range of chloride for adults in most labs is 96 to 106 milliequivalents (mEq) per liter. The normal range may vary slightly from lab to lab. Normal ranges are usually shown next to results in the lab report. A diagnostic test may use a chloridometer to determine the serum chloride level.
High sodium consumption (5 g or more of salt per day) and insufficient potassium intake (less than 3.5 grams (0.12 oz) per day) have been linked to high blood pressure and increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. [6] [7] As an essential nutrient, sodium is involved in numerous cellular and organ functions. Several national ...
Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values. [6] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these. [44]
Salt poisoning is an intoxication resulting from the excessive intake of sodium (usually as sodium chloride) either in solid form or in solution (saline water, including brine, brackish water, or seawater). Salt poisoning sufficient to produce severe symptoms is rare, and lethal salt poisoning is possible but even rarer.
On a consumer level, salt substitutes, which usually substitute a portion of sodium chloride content with potassium chloride, can be used to increase the potassium to sodium consumption ratio. [40] This change has been shown to blunt the effects of excess salt intake on hypertension and cardiovascular disease.