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A transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS or TNS) is a device that produces mild electric current to stimulate the nerves for therapeutic purposes.TENS, by definition, covers the complete range of transcutaneously applied currents used for nerve excitation, but the term is often used with a more restrictive intent, namely, to describe the kind of pulses produced by portable ...
Transcutaneous oxygen measurement (TCOM or TcPO 2) is a non-invasive method of measuring the oxygen level of the tissue below the skin. Since oxygen is carried by the blood, TCOM can be used as an indirect measure of blood flow to the tissue.
Transcutaneous pacing is accomplished by delivering pulses of electric current through the patient's chest, which stimulates the heart to contract. [ citation needed ] The most common indication for transcutaneous pacing is an abnormally slow heart rate .
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is the implantation of the aortic valve of the heart through the blood vessels without actual removal of the native valve (as opposed to the aortic valve replacement by open heart surgery, surgical aortic valve replacement, AVR).
External devices work by transcutaneous stimulation and do not require surgery. Electrical impulses are targeted at the cervical branch of the vagus nerve in the neck, or aurical (ear), at points where branches of the vagus nerve have cutaneous representation. Auricular VNS should be located at the concha or inner tragus. [70]
A major limitation of the transcutaneous electrical stimulation is that some nerves, for example those innervating the hip flexors, are too profound to be stimulated using surface electrodes. This limitation can be partly addressed by using arrays of electrodes, which can use several electrical contacts to increase selectivity. [16] [17] [18]
Although the skin is a large and logical target for drug delivery, its basic functions limit its utility for this purpose. The skin functions mainly to protect the body from external penetration (by e.g. harmful substances and microorganisms) and to contain all body fluids.
Skin absorption is a route by which substances can enter the body through the skin.Along with inhalation, ingestion and injection, dermal absorption is a route of exposure for toxic substances and route of administration for medication.