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"Pain ladder", or analgesic ladder, was created by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a guideline for the use of drugs in the management of pain. Originally published in 1986 for the management of cancer pain, it is now widely used by medical professionals for the management of all types of pain.
Oral administration of a liquid. In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the way by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body. [1] Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration ...
Systemic administration is a route of administration of medication, nutrition or other substance into the circulatory system so that the entire body is affected. [1] Administration can take place via enteral administration (absorption of the drug through the gastrointestinal tract) [ 2 ] or parenteral administration (generally injection ...
[3] [4] Drug delivery is aimed at altering a drug's pharmacokinetics and specificity by formulating it with different excipients, drug carriers, and medical devices. [3] [5] [6] There is additional emphasis on increasing the bioavailability and duration of action of a drug to improve therapeutic outcomes. [7]
At a practical level, a drug's bioavailability can be defined as the proportion of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation. From this perspective the intravenous administration of a drug provides the greatest possible bioavailability, and this method is considered to yield a bioavailability of 1 (or 100%). Bioavailability of other ...
One study tested this theory in ten cyclists riding at a high altitude. The medication was found to improve heart function and blood oxygen levels. The medication was found to improve heart ...
Donabedian developed his quality of care framework to be flexible enough for application in diverse healthcare settings and among various levels within a delivery system. At its most basic level, the framework can be used to modify structures and processes within a healthcare delivery unit, such as a small group practice or ambulatory care ...
The interprofessional shared decision-making (IP-SDM) model is a three-level, two-axis framework that takes this complexity into account. Its three levels are contextual influences at the individual level, influences at the systemic or organizational level, and influences at the broader policy or social level.