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The principal stresses and principal directions characterize the stress at a point and are independent of the orientation. A coordinate system with axes oriented to the principal directions implies that the normal stresses are the principal stresses and the stress tensor is represented by a diagonal matrix:
Mohr's circles for a three-dimensional state of stress. Mohr's circle is a two-dimensional graphical representation of the transformation law for the Cauchy stress tensor. Mohr's circle is often used in calculations relating to mechanical engineering for materials' strength, geotechnical engineering for strength of soils, and structural ...
Therefore, in a coordinate system with axes ,,, the stress tensor is a diagonal matrix, and has only the three normal components ,, the principal stresses. If the three eigenvalues are equal, the stress is an isotropic compression or tension, always perpendicular to any surface, there is no shear stress, and the tensor is a diagonal matrix in ...
t. e. In continuum mechanics, the maximum distortion energy criterion (also von Mises yield criterion[1]) states that yielding of a ductile material begins when the second invariant of deviatoric stress reaches a critical value. [2] It is a part of plasticity theory that mostly applies to ductile materials, such as some metals.
The theory of the Reynolds stress is quite analogous to the kinetic theory of gases, and indeed the stress tensor in a fluid at a point may be seen to be the ensemble average of the stress due to the thermal velocities of molecules at a given point in a fluid. Thus, by analogy, the Reynolds stress is sometimes thought of as consisting of an ...
The complete state of stress in a body at a particular deformed configuration, i.e., at a particular time during the motion of the body, implies knowing the six independent components of the stress tensor (,,,,,), or the three principal stresses (,,), at each material point in the body at that time. However, numerical analysis and analytical ...
Lode coordinates. Surfaces on which the invariants , , are constant. Plotted in principal stress space. The red plane represents a meridional plane and the yellow plane an octahedral plane. Lode coordinates or Haigh–Westergaard coordinates . [1] are a set of tensor invariants that span the space of real, symmetric, second-order, 3-dimensional ...
Visualisation of a Cauchy stress tensor σ in the Haight-Westergaard stress space. In continuum mechanics, Haigh–Westergaard stress space, or simply stress space is a 3-dimensional space in which the three spatial axes represent the three principal stresses of a body subject to stress.