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In digital electronics, a level shifter, also called level converter or logic level shifter, or voltage level translator, is a circuit used to translate signals from one logic level or voltage domain to another, allowing compatibility between integrated circuits with different voltage requirements, such as TTL and CMOS.
Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232.
Integrated 5 V to 3.3 V level shifter (IC 74HC4050) Digital ports D3, D4, D9, D10, D11 and D13 are available both in 5 V and 3.3 V; Header for FTDI USB to serial adapter to upload the sketches. Rhino Mega 2560 [131] ATmega2560 [31] Cyrola Inc. Arduino Uno compatible board powered by ATmega2560. D0/D1 can be changed to D19/D18.
A level shifter connects one digital circuit that uses one logic level to another digital circuit that uses another logic level. Often two level shifters are used, one at each system: A line driver converts from internal logic levels to standard interface line levels; a line receiver converts from interface levels to internal voltage levels.
The Maple IDE includes both an implementation of the Arduino Language, [224] and lower-level native libraries (with support from the libmaple C library). [225] The more up-to-date Arduino_STM32 [ 226 ] project allows use of the Maple, and other generic STM32 boards in version 1.6.12 of the Arduino IDE.
The basic concept of the third state, high impedance (Hi-Z), is to effectively remove the device's influence from the rest of the circuit. If more than one device is electrically connected to another device, putting an output into the Hi-Z state is often used to prevent short circuits, or one device driving high (logical 1) against another device driving low (logical 0).
A voltage divider can be used as a crude logic level shifter to interface two circuits that use different operating voltages. For example, some logic circuits operate at 5 V whereas others operate at 3.3 V. Directly interfacing a 5 V logic output to a 3.3 V input may cause permanent damage to the 3.3 V circuit.
A shift register is a type of digital circuit using a cascade of flip-flops where the output of one flip-flop is connected to the input of the next. They share a single clock signal , which causes the data stored in the system to shift from one location to the next.