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An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence. [1] Originally, IQ was a score obtained by dividing a person's mental age score, obtained by administering an intelligence test, by the person's chronological age, both expressed in terms of years and months.
Like all current IQ tests, the Wechsler tests report a "deviation IQ" as the standard score for the full-scale IQ, with the norming sample mean raw score defined as IQ 100 and a score one standard deviation higher defined as IQ 115 (and one deviation lower defined as IQ 85).
An individual's "deviation IQ" is then estimated, using a more complicated formula or table, from their score's percentile at their chronological age. But at least as recently as 2007, older tests using ratio IQs were sometimes still used for a child whose percentile was too high for this to be precise, or whose abilities may exceed a deviation ...
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability in adults and older adolescents. [1] For children between the ages of 6 and 16, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) is commonly used.
Instead, Stern proposed dividing an individual's mental age by their chronological age to obtain a single ratio. This formula was later improved by Lewis Terman, who multiplied the intelligence quotient by 100 to obtain a whole number. [7] Stern, however, cautioned against the use of this formula as the sole way to categorize intelligence.
Norwegian epidemiologists used military records to examine the birth order, health status, and IQ scores of nearly 250,000 18- and 19-year-old men born between 1967 and 1976.
The number this calculation produced was the widely known intelligence quotient or IQ. For many people, both testers and tested, this number became a person's precise built-in intelligence. [ 3 ] Théodore Simon criticized this revision of the Binet-Simon test, arguing it to be a betrayal of the test's objective.
Terman and Merrill attempted to calculate IQs with a uniform standard deviation while still maintaining the use of the mental age scale by including a formula in the manual to convert the ratio IQs with means varying between age ranges and nonuniform standard deviations to IQs with a mean of 100 and a uniform standard deviation of 16.