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Appetite is the desire to eat food items, usually due to hunger. Appealing foods can stimulate appetite even when hunger is absent, although appetite can be greatly reduced by satiety . [ 1 ] Appetite exists in all higher life-forms, and serves to regulate adequate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs.
These hormones, unknown at the time of Cannon and Washburn's work, have since been identified as crucial players in the complex system of appetite regulation. Ghrelin, often referred to as the "hunger hormone," is now known to be secreted by the stomach and stimulates appetite, while leptin, produced by fat cells, signals satiety to the brain.
Later studies showed that appetite regulation is an immensely complex process involving the gastrointestinal tract, many hormones, and both the central and autonomic nervous systems. [15] The circulating gut hormones that regulate many pathways in the body can either stimulate or suppress appetite. [16]
Ghrelin (/ ˈ ɡ r ɛ l ɪ n /; or lenomorelin, INN) is a hormone primarily produced by enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach, [5] [6] and is often called a "hunger hormone" because it increases the drive to eat. [6]
Body weight regulation requires a balance between food intake and energy expenditure. Two mechanisms are required to maintain a relatively constant body weight: one must increase motivation to eat if long-term reservoirs are being depleted, and the other must restrain food intake if more calories than needed are being consumed.
Expected satiety is the amount of relief from hunger that is expected from a particular food. It is closely associated with expected satiation which refers to the immediate fullness (post meal) that a food is expected to generate.
Orexin (/ ɒ ˈ r ɛ k s ɪ n /), also known as hypocretin, is a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite. [5] It exists in the forms of orexin-A and orexin-B.The most common form of narcolepsy, type 1, in which the individual experiences brief losses of muscle tone ("drop attacks" or cataplexy), is caused by a lack of orexin in the brain due to destruction of the cells ...
Specific appetite, also known as specific hunger, is a drive to eat foods with specific flavors or other characteristics. [ 1 ] Regulation of homeostasis is essential to the survival of animals.