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Collision theory is a principle of chemistry used to predict the rates of chemical reactions. It states that when suitable particles of the reactant hit each other with the correct orientation, only a certain amount of collisions result in a perceptible or notable change; these successful changes are called successful collisions.
In probability theory, Buffon's needle problem is a question first posed in the 18th century by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon: [1] Suppose we have a floor made of parallel strips of wood , each the same width, and we drop a needle onto the floor.
Buffon's needle problem – Question in geometric probability; Bundle theorem; Butterfly theorem – About the midpoint of a chord of a circle, through which two other chords are drawn; Carnot's theorem – Gives the sum of the distances from the circumcenter to the sides of an arbitrary triangle
In geometric probability, the problem of Buffon's noodle is a variation on the well-known problem of Buffon's needle, named after Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon who lived in the 18th century. This approach to the problem was published by Joseph-Émile Barbier in 1860.
Simulation: Drawing one pseudo-random uniform variable from the interval [0,1] can be used to simulate the tossing of a coin: If the value is less than or equal to 0.50 designate the outcome as heads, but if the value is greater than 0.50 designate the outcome as tails. This is a simulation, but not a Monte Carlo simulation.
At low energies, the result of the collision is the annihilation of the electron and positron, and the creation of energetic photons: e − + e + → γ + γ. At high energies, other particles, such as B mesons or the W and Z bosons, can be created. All processes must satisfy a number of conservation laws, including:
Möbius–Hückel correlation diagram; two modes of butadiene to cyclobutene conversion. It has been noted that for every degeneracy along a reaction coordinate there is a molecular orbital crossing. [4] Thus for the butadiene to cyclobutene conversion, the two Möbius (here conrotatory) and Hückel (here disrotatory) modes are shown in Figure 5.
Penguin diagram: a quark changes flavor via a W or Z loop Tadpole diagram: One loop diagram with one external leg Self-interaction or oyster diagram An electron emits and reabsorbs a photon Box diagram The box diagram for kaon oscillations: Photon-photon scattering: Higgs boson production: Via gluons and top quarks: Via quarks and W or Z bosons ...