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Haqq–Muhammad–Ali is a mystical communion doctrine in Alevism that involves Haqq (‘Truth’ referring to the divine nature of Allah), Muhammad ('Yol' or Sunnah referring to the Jem (Alevism)) and Ali (‘Nūr’ referring to the Awliya).
Islamic debates about the ontological reality of divine attributes post-date Quranic theology [9] and find their background in Christian debates and discussions about the nature of the Trinity, in a manner asserted explicitly by Mu'tazilites as well as earlier Jewish sources, who often mention the two subjects in conjunction with one another.
The Kalam cosmological argument was influenced by the concept of the prime mover, introduced by Aristotle.It originates in the works of theologian and philosopher John Philoponus (490–570 AD) [10] and was developed substantially under the medieval Islamic scholastic tradition during the Islamic Golden Age.
If the logos was accepted as part of "God's essence" or nature (then the Kalam was one of God's attributes), it was out of the question for it to be created. On the other hand, the word consists of human-made Arabic letters and words, and it was out of the question for these to be eternal.
In Islamic philosophy and Sufism, angels are related to the nature of reason ('aql). According to Sufi cosmology, they connect the higher realms of the intellect with the lower world of matter. Thus, the human mind is conceptualized to form a connection with the heavenly spheres (malakūt) through such heavenly entities associated with .
Since the first centuries of Islam, Arabic-speaking commentators of Jewish, Christian, and Islamic faith used the term Allah as a generic term for the supreme being. [59] Saadia Gaon used the term Allah interchangeably with the term ʾĔlōhīm. [59] Theodore Abu Qurrah translates theos as Allah in his Bible, as in John 1:1 "the Word was with ...
Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology (). [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith (usul al-din), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [3]
Tawhid [a] (Arabic: تَوْحِيد , romanized: tawḥīd, lit. 'oneness [of God]') is the concept of monotheism in Islam. [2] Tawhid is the religion's central and single most important concept, upon which a Muslim's entire religious adherence rests.