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A classic example of this effect is the interaction between β-lactams, which damage the bacteria cell membrane, and aminoglycosides, which inhibit protein synthesis. [1] The damage dealt to the cell wall by β-lactams allows more aminoglycoside molecules to be taken up into the cell than would otherwise be possible, enhancing cell damage. [ 1 ]
Additive effect can be used to detect synergy as it can be considered as the baseline effect in methods determining whether drugs have synergistic effect. Synergistic effect is similar to additive effect, having a combination effect greater than additive effect. It can produce an effect of 2+2 > 4 when two drugs are used together. Additive ...
Mechanisms that may be involved in the development of synergistic effects include: Effect on the same cellular system (e.g. two different antibiotics like a penicillin and an aminoglycoside; penicillins damage the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and improve the penetration of aminoglycosides). [30]: 698
because a person may be infected with more than one microbe simultaneously, [3] for example infections of the abdominal cavity after bowel perforation. because antibiotics used together may act synergistically to increase the efficacy of both, [3] because antibiotics used together may have a broader spectrum than each antibiotic used ...
A popular example of drug–food interaction is the effect of grapefruit on the metabolism of drugs. Interactions may occur by simultaneous targeting of receptors , directly or indirectly. For example, both Zolpidem and alcohol affect GABA A receptors , and their simultaneous consumption results in the overstimulation of the receptor, which can ...
Similar to Jedi flipping, but with a heavy dissociative effect induced by ketamine. The substances are taken in the order of LSD, Mushrooms, MDMA, then ketamine. Each substance should be taken at the peak of the previous substance to maximize the synergistic effects. Ketamine can be re-dosed as needed to extend the trip.
Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs). The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection).
Combined drug intoxication use often carries with it more risk than use of a single drug, due to an increase in side effects, and drug synergy. The potentiating effect of one drug on another is sometimes considerable and here the licit drugs and medicines – such as alcohol, nicotine and antidepressants – have to be considered in conjunction ...