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The Safavid Shāh Ismā'īl I established the Twelver denomination of Shīʿa Islam as the official religion of the Persian Empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. [5] The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safavid order of Sufism, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Iranian ...
The siege of Isfahan (Persian: سقوط اصفهان) was a six-month-long siege of Isfahan, the capital of the Safavid dynasty of Iran, by the Hotaki-led Afghan army.It lasted from March to October 1722 and resulted in the city's fall and the beginning of the end of the Safavid dynasty.
Safavid culture is often admired for the large-scale city planning and architecture, achievements made during the reign of later shahs, but the arts of persian miniature, book-binding and calligraphy, in fact, never received as much attention as they did during his time.
Despite the fall of the Safavid government, the Afghans were unable to establish a permanent state, and especially undermine the dominance of Shia Islam in Iran. [ 29 ] Shia Islam continued to thrive in Iran as a distinctive, almost national belief system, even after more than thirty years of limited state backing.
In 1624, the Turkish pasha of Basra made an alliance with the Portuguese since he was being pressed by a Safavid army led by Imam Quli Khan. [2] [4] The Ottoman-Portuguese coalition was able to inflict a severe defeat on the Persians, who retreated from Basra. [3] The fall of Baghdad was a major blow to Ottoman prestige.
The Ottoman–Safavid war of 1603–1612 consisted of two wars between Safavid Iran under Shah Abbas I and the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed III and his son Ahmed I.The first war began in 1603 and ended with a Safavid victory in 1612, when they regained and reestablished their suzerainty over the Caucasus and Western Iran, which had been lost at the Treaty of Constantinople in 1590.
The Mughal–Safavid war of 1649–1653 was fought between the Mughal and Safavid empires in the territory of modern Afghanistan. While the Mughals were at war with the Janid Uzbeks, the Safavid army captured the fortress city of Kandahar and other strategic cities that controlled the region. The Mughals attempted to regain the city, but their ...
As a result, the Ottomans annexed Eastern Anatolia and Upper Mesopotamia from Safavid Iran. [3] [4] It marked the first Ottoman expansion into Eastern Anatolia, and the halt of the Safavid expansion to the west. [18] The Battle of Chaldiran was just the beginning of 41 years of destructive war, which only ended in 1555 with the Peace of Amasya.