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German-American historian Konrad Jarausch has argued that Mussolini was responsible for an integrated suite of political innovations that made fascism a powerful force in Europe. First, he proved the movement could actually seize power and operate a comprehensive government in a major country.
The first fascist country was Italy, ruled by Benito Mussolini (Il Duce). The Italian Fascists imposed totalitarian rule and crushed political and intellectual opposition, while promoting economic modernization, traditional social values and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church.
On 24 October 1922, Mussolini declared in front of 60,000 militants at a Fascist rally in Naples: "Our program is simple: we want to rule Italy." [ 16 ] On the following day, the Quadrumvirs , Emilio De Bono , Italo Balbo , Michele Bianchi and Cesare Maria de Vecchi , were appointed by Mussolini at the head of the march, while he went to Milan .
The United States and Fascist Italy: The Rise of American Finance in Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2015). Overy, Richard. The Road to War (2009) pp 191–244 for 1930s. OL 28444279M; Rodrigo, Javier. Fascist Italy in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 (Routledge, 2021). Saunders, Frances Stonor. The Woman Who Shot Mussolini (Faber & Faber ...
In case of some countries the lifetime of a fascistoid party did not overlap with reasonably free general elections, though the party might have fared well in other elections, e.g. in local elections in Bulgaria of 1934 Народно социално движение gained 12% of the votes, in local elections of Estonia in 1934 Eesti ...
Years later, and after Mussolini was forced from power by the King in 1943 only to be rescued by German forces, the Italian Social Republic founded by Mussolini and the fascists did incorporate the fasces on the state's war flag, which was a variant of the Italian tricolour national flag.
Within a few years, Mussolini had consolidated dictatorial power and Italy became a police state. On 7 January 1935, he and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval signed the Franco-Italian Agreement , giving him a free hand in the Abyssinia Crisis with the Ethiopian Empire , in return for an alliance against Hitler.
On 24 October 1922, Mussolini declared before 60,000 people at the Fascist Congress in Naples: "Our program is simple: we want to rule Italy". [49] Meanwhile, the Blackshirts, who had occupied the Po plain, took all strategic points of the country.