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Betaxolol is most commonly ingested orally alone or with other medications for the management of essential hypertension. [4] It is a cardioselective beta blocker, targeting beta-1 adrenergic receptors found in the cardiac muscle. Blood pressure is decreased by the mechanism of blood vessels relaxing and improving the flow of blood. [5] [6]
Beta blockers vary in their lipophilicity (fat solubility) and in turn in their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and exert effects in the central nervous system. [76] Beta blockers with greater blood–brain barrier permeability can have both neuropsychiatric therapeutic benefits and side effects, as well as adverse cognitive effects ...
A Beta-2 adrenergic antagonist (β 2-adrenoceptor antagonist) is an adrenergic antagonist which blocks the beta-2 adrenergic receptors of cells, with either high specificity (an antagonist which is selective for β 2 adrenoceptors) like Butaxamine and ICI-118,551, or non-specifically (an antagonist for β 2 and for β 1 or β 3 adrenoceptors) like the non-selective betablocker Propranolol.
Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of adrenaline, aka slowing your heart rate and reducing those physical signs and symptoms of nervousness and anxiety, he explained.
Non-selective beta blockers. Non-selective beta blockers can cause a range of adverse effects, including bradycardia, hypotension, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, and constipation. [10] In some cases, exacerbation of asthma or COPD, and erectile dysfunction are also reported. [10]
Esmolol, sold under the brand name Brevibloc, is a cardio selective beta 1 receptor blocker with rapid onset, [3] a very short duration of action, and no significant intrinsic sympathomimetic or membrane stabilising activity at therapeutic dosages. It is a class II antiarrhythmic. [4]
Acebutolol is a cardioselective beta-1 blocker which also considered a partial agonist due to its intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA). This means it provides low-grade beta stimulation at rest but acting as typical beta-blockers when sympathetic activity is high. [3]
Bisoprolol, sold under the brand name Zebeta among others, is a beta blocker which is selective for the beta-1 receptor [7] and used for cardiovascular diseases, [7] including tachyarrhythmias, high blood pressure, angina, and heart failure. [7] [8] It is taken by mouth. [7]